12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum 2020, Thursday 20 February 2020 at the Embassy of Austria, Tokyo.
12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum Tokyo 202012th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum Tokyo 2020. Speakers: Masaki Ogata (Vice-Chairman JR-East Railway Company), Hiromitsu Nakauchi (Professor at Stanford University and Tokyo University), Gerhard Fasol (Creator and Chair, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum), Masashi Yanagisawa (Professor Tsukuba University and Director of the International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine), Satoshi Nagata (NTT DOCOMO Inc., 3GPP TSG-RAN Vice-Chairman) (from left to right)
Program
click on links below to read summaries of keynote talks and see photographs
Welcome by the Ambassador of Austria, Hubert Heiss.
Masaki Ogata, East Japan Railway Company, Board Director and Vice-Chairman, Executive Vice-President of Technology & Overseas Related Affairs “Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East”
Gerhard Fasol: today’s agenda. Entropy, information and Ludwig Boltzmann – and Japan’s economic growth, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Gerhard Fasol, CEO , Eurotechnology Japan KK. Guest Professor, Kyushu University, former faculty Cambridge University, and Trinity College, and Tokyo University
Purpose of the Ludwig Boltzmann Forum
Leadership Forum based on logic, science and technology.
Create impact and change
Contribute to solutions of important issues which make a difference to our lives
“Superstar leaders” as keynote speakers
Today’s program:
Increased economic growth from increasing international cooperation between Japan and Europe, eg in the fields of railways, sleep, genetics, 5G and 6G communications, in research and business
Governance and management of companies – growth of companies must improve for economic growth and to pay for the costs of an aging society
Research, development, and Universities are key for economic growth – they must improve to recover economic growth. We can learn from Ludwig Boltzmann
Some of Japan’s top issues and opportunities
Japan’s economy stopped growing in 2000. A new business model is needed for Japan. Japan has many fantastic technologies, products, business models with big opportunities for global value creation.
Aging society.
University reform is urgently necessary in order to restart growth.
Company management and supervision reform is urgently necessary. About 1/2 of TOPIX companies have market capitalization lower than book value, and too many Japanese companies have no growth and no profits since 2000, and no growth of market capitalization/company value since 2000.
Some results which might areas from today’s conference
Safety is top priority for JR-East and sleep of managers and driving staff is a primary factor for safety and accident prevention. Today we have the leader of JR-East, and a top global leader in sleep science, maybe today’s conference can lead to cooperation, joint research or development with JR-East on sleep and safety.
5G and 6G communications will impact all areas of society, how can society influence the development of 5G and 6G services and ecosystems. Society and 5G/6G ecosystems evolve in sync.
We are at the start of a novel virus crisis, how will an epidemic affect mobility, communications, sleep, medicine.
Ear Nose and Throat specialist, laryngologist, rhino laryngologist 耳鼻咽喉専門医
Professor and Director of the Ortorhinolaryngological University Clinic at Vienna University. Ottokar Chiari performed the first transbronchial operation, introducing minimal-invasive surgery.
He founded the Ear-Nose-Throat Clinic (Ortorhinolaryngological University Clinic) at the University of Vienna, the first Ear-Nose-Throat (Ortorhinolaryngological University Clinic) worldwide, of which he was appointed Director (Leiter der Laryngoloischen Abteilung der Allgemeinen Krankenhauses) from 1900 and Chair Professor (ordentlicher Professor) from 1912.
Ottokar Chiari was appointed the personal medical doctor of Emperor Franz-Joseph, and was elevated to the status of “Freiherr” in 1917.
Ottokar Chiari (Ottokar Freiherr von Chiari) is the son of Johann Baptist Chiari. His daughter Paul Chiari married the son of Ludwig Boltzmann, and is my (Gerhard Fasol’s) grandmother.
Karl Chiari is the son of Richard Chiari (1882-1929), Director of the Linz General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz). Karl Chiari is the founder of orthopedics in Vienna, he was the first head of the new Department of Orthopaedics at the University Hospital Vienna.
Karl Chiari pioneered many new modern therapies and surgery methods in the field of Orthopaedics. He pioneered therapies and treatments in the fields of Scoliosis (a medical condition where a patient’s spine is curved sideways), bone tumors, orthopaedic rheumatology, knee entroprothetic, hip endoprotethic, and operations to correct hip dysplasia.
In 1967, Karl Chiari became Chair Professor (ordentlicher Professor), and since 1962 he was the first Director of the Orthopaedic Clinic at the Vienna University Hospital., which spun out from the 1. Surgical University Clinic at the University of Vienna. He was Director of the Orthopaedic Clinic for 20 years.
As children we used to ski together with Karl Chiari’s family, and at the age of 6 years I (Gerhard Fasol) broke my leg while skiing together with Karl Chiari and his children. Back in the farm house pension where we all stayed, Karl Chiari adjusted my broken bones with his hands, and put my legs in plaster, which he always had with him. Later in his Clinic in Vienna, he x-rayed my broken leg, made more adjustments, put on a proper longer time plaster, and oversaw my leg until it was properly healed.
We use Ludwig Boltzmann’s results and tools every day
as examples
S = k log W – linking macroscopic entropy to statistics of molecules > information theory: Shannon entropy
Boltzmann transport equations > optimal transport
Definition of Kelvin, Celsius directly linked to Boltzmann constant
Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law
statistical mechanics and Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics
Philosophy of nature: is the space we live in curved? How can we determine the curvature of our space? Using philosophy – or using the tools of physics and mathematics?
Ludwig Boltzmann was several times proposed for the Nobel Prize 1903, 1905 and three times in 1906 – the year he passed away.
Ludwig Boltzmann started young
1865, at the of age of 21 years he published his first scientific work: “Über die Bewegung der Elektrizität in krummen Flächen” (Electricity on curved surfaces).
About 20% of Boltzmann’s publications were in the field of electro-magnetism. 1861-1862 James Clerk Maxwell had created the foundations of modern electro-magnetism with Maxwell’s equations.
Linking the initially macroscopic 2nd law of thermodynamics to the statistical mechanics of atoms and molecules governed by Newton’s laws
1866 at the age of 22 years Ludwig Boltzmann published one of his most important works in a field he created and worked on for all his life: “Über die mechanische Bedeutung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Wärmetheorie” (About the mechanical meaning of the second law of thermodynamics).
As a reminder: the 2nd law of thermodynamics says that an isolated system spontaneously evolves to the state of greatest entropy. The 2nd law of thermodynamics was first formulated by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as part of the efforts to optimize steam engines and is also known as Carnot’s theorem.
Boltzmann linked this initially macroscopic law to the statistical mechanics of atoms and molecules governed by Newton’s laws at a time when the existence of atoms was not yet generally accepted.
Boltzmann’s dilemma: how can time-reversible Newton’s laws at the microscale lead to the time-irreversible 2nd law of thermodynamics
Newton laws govern the microscopic collisions and motion of atoms and molecules in gases and are completely time reversible. Processes we observe macroscopically, e.g. a gas escaping from a pressure vessel, are time irreversible. This dilemma, how Newton’s reversible laws governing the microscopic motion can lead to irreversible processes on the macroscopic scale, occupied Boltzmann’s mind and work his whole life long. Boltzmann’s answers depend on the realization that the 2nd law of thermodynamics cannot be explained by Newton’s laws of mechanics alone, but the mathematical tools of statistical mechanics are required, many of which Boltzmann created.
Boltzmann’s path through life: starting young – and global
1865 (age 21) first publication “Electricity on curved surfaces”
1869-1873 (age 25) Full Professor, Mathematical Physics, University of Graz
1873-1876 (age 29) Full Professor, Mathematics, University of Vienna
1875 (age 31) declined offer of Professorship in Zürich and Freiburg (Germany)
1876-1890 (age 32) marriage, Full Professor for Experimental Physics and Head of the Institute of Physics, University of Graz
1887-1888 (age 43-44) Rector (President), University Graz
1888 (age 44) March: Professor in Berlin, June: resigned from Professor position
1890 (age 46) Professor in München (one of his students was Nagaoka Hantaro, who later became the first President of Osaka University, and created a model of the atom)
1892 attended 300 year celebrations of Trinity College Dublin
1894 visit to Oxford University
1894-1990 (age 50) Professor, University of Vienna
1895 attending Naturforscherversammlung in Lübeck
20 June – 2 August 1889 (age 55) first trip to the USA: Clark University, Worcester MA, Boston, Montreal
1900-1902 (age 56) Professor of Theoretical Physics in Leipzig
1902-1906 (age 58) Professor of Theoretical Physics at University Vienna
Trips to Göttingen, Kassel, Southport Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and to Paris.
1903/1904 Vorlesungen über Naturphilosophie (Lectures on philosophy of nature)
21 August – 8 October 1904 second trip to the USA to attend St Louis World Fair and Congress “Physics for a new century”, Detroit, Chicago, Washington DC
11 June – 3 August 1905 third trip to the USA: Lectures at the University of California Berkeley and at Stanford University
What can we learn from Ludwig Boltzmann?
Empower young people, recognize and support talent early
LB published first scientific work at age 21
Full Professor at 25
Head of Department at 32
President of University at 43
Talent is not linear – talent is exponential
Move around the world. Connect. Interact.
Empower women (LB promoted many women)
Don’t accept authority for authority’s sake
Science/physics issues need to be treated with the methods of physics/science
No dogmas
Support entrepreneurs (LB supported airplane developers before airplanes existed)
Summary: understanding and learning from Ludwig Boltzmann
Boltzmann’s results are a big part of our understanding of the world and the universe
His mathematical tools are used every day by today’s engineers, bankers, IT people, physicists…
LB stood up for his ideas and conclusions and did not accept scientific authorities for authorities’ sake
12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 202012th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 202012th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 202012th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Masaki Ogata
East Japan Railway Company, Board Director and Vice-Chairman, Executive Vice President of Technology & Overseas Related Affairs
Honorary President, UITP (International Association of Public Transport)
Member of Council for Science and Technology, Chairperson of Subdivision on Professional Engineers, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan
Chairman & CEO, Japan Institute of IT
Chairman Tohoku Tourism Promotion Organization
Director Tohoku Electric Power Company Inc.
Summary: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East
With 17.9 million passengers/day, 12,209 trains/day on a network of 7402 km, JR-East is one of the largest railway companies in the world. JR-East is a fully integrated group including ownership, manufacture and maintenance of rolling stock, infrastructure including track, stations and real-estate, trains and buses, and life-style business, and one of the first and most advanced fin-tech systems globally: electronic payment systems and electronic money.
JR-East receives no government subsidies, and had no fare or charge increases for 33 years (except for increases in the consumption tax).
JR-East is constantly innovating, developing MaaS, deepening fin-tech and mobile payments, and increasing Shinkansen speeds to 360 km/h.
Mr Ogata sees the MaaS revolution as a revolutionary economic wave occurring once in 100 years, and works for JR-East to drive this Maas wave.
7 Features of JR East Management
Vertical structure
(1) non-rail business: life-style business, IC card
(2) operation: trains and busses
(3) maintenance: rolling stock and infrastructure
(4) ownership: rolling stock and infrastructure
Horizontal structure
Passengers: 17.9 million/day – largest number of passengers globally
Network: 7402 km
Trains: 12,209 trains/day
(5) Shinkansen
(6) Tokyo region
(7) regional lines in North-Eastern Japan
Business Structure
17.9 million customers / day (largest in the world)
FY2018 Revenues: € 24.6 billion
Transportation business: € 16.7 billion (68%)
Tokyo metropolitan 58%
Shinkansen 29%
Regional 3%
other transportation (bus, monorail etc) 9%
Life service business: €7.9 billion (32%)
Safety is always the top priority of JR East management
Multiple business models
a mobility company, covering 24 hours and all the life of people. Synergetic growth with railways as the base and towards Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
Railway
Life style (shops, buildings…)
Micropayment
Rolling stock manufacture
Overseas business
Public Transport (PT) in Japan and in the world
railway companies – Japan: 200, globally: 3000
bus companies – Japan: 7000, globally: 80,000
taxi companies – Japan: 16,000, globally: 200,000
(taxi cars in Japan: approx. 260,000)
Public Transport (PT) leads Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
PT innovation
improvement by intermodal cooperation (e.g. JR-East through trains to other railways companies and Tokyo subways)
integration with new mobility solutions
STTT Model (Shortening Total Trip Time = STTT)
Customers are mainly interested in the total trip time. Shorten total trip time by reducing the time of each component of the trip, and in particular access to public transport at both ends (e.g. by bicycle, moped or “new personal mobility” e.g. shared electro-scooters etc), and shorten transitions between different means of transport.
Maximum transport capacity per direction per hour:
automobile: 1000
bus: 2500
LRT: 11,000
monorail: 21,000
mini-metro: 35,000
heavy rail, incl. metro: 64,000
heavy rail (e.g. JR East Chuo Line): 100,000
Mobility as a Service (MaaS): a once-in-a-century wave of change including the public transport (PT) industry
We see the development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) as a massive once-in-a-century change of paradigm which includes the public transport (PT) industry
We see an evolution from privately owned, manually operated automobiles to sharing, on-demand, autonomous operation integrated with public transport. Current public transport + new concepts such as UBER, Lyft, in Japan “Times Car Plus” integrating with innovations in public transport.
Once in 100 years wave of change in transportation (MaaS) is a threat to the automobile industry
the new paradigm CASE was always the case for the railway industry:
Connected
Autonomous
Shared
Electric
Many industries aim at becoming the dominating MaaS platform
We see a big threat to the automobile industry from several directions:
data businesses may overwhelm automobile companies
automobile companies may decline into commodity manufacturing
customer needs (and value to the customer) will shift from the product (car) itself to mobility service
Kuznetsk cycles (demand of buildings, infrastructure investments): 20 years
Kondratieff cycles (innovation): 50 years (naming suggested by Joseph Schumpeter)
“Mobility wave”: 100 years
Open Innovation of JR East
(1) innovation of operations
Speed-up of Shinkansen
1987 operation speed = 240 km/h
2019 operation speed = 320 km/h
2019 test speed = 400 km/h
aiming at operation speed of 360 km/h
Number of trains
1987: 11,175 trains/day
2019: 12,209 trains/day (+ 9.3%)
Enhancement of sustainability
average CO2 emission per railway passenger
1/7 of automobiles
1/5 of airplanes
JR East: 1/2 of global rail average
Enhanced efficiency of train operations
1987: 71,000 staff in JR East’s Railway Operation Division
2019: 39,000 staff
(2) IT innovation
Number of IT systems
1987: 3 IT systems
2019: 1224 IT systems
Big Data and Condition Based Maintenance (CBM)
CBM is now being introduced for track, rolling stock, electric facilities…
IT for customer service: “JR East App”
Japanese version: 4.8 downloads
Multi-lingual version (English/Chinese/Korean): 500,000 downloads (as of January 2020)
No government subsidies and no fare/charge increases for 33 years
For the past 33 years (since 1987):
no subsidies from central or local governments
no increased fares or charges (except for consumption tax increases)
Examples of innovation: SUICA and fintech since November 2001
Evolution from analog paper tickets to fintech
paper tickets (analog)
magnetic ticketing cards stage 1: NRZ1 (non-return-to-zero) (these tickets have a brown backside)
magnetic ticketing cards stage 2: FM (F2F) (Frequency modulation) (these tickets have a black backside)
magnetic cards for stored fares (SF)
SUICA IC Chip memory since 18 November 2001
Authentication, micropayments > fintech from March 2004
Mobile SUICA integration with mobile phones, start: January 2006
development of new business
SUICA started on 18 November 2001: an example of open innovation
SUICA: cooperation between JR East and SONY
transactions in 200 milli-seconds
ticketing
commuter passes
micropayments
mobile SUICA
Open strategy
technical disclosure to industry peers: disclosure to more than 200 railway companies in Japan
standardization of the technology – de-facto standards:
better customer service
big impact on society and the nation
scale merit: scaling!
23 March 2013: completion of nationwide platform
complete mutual usage
coverage: 12% of the population
5000 railroad stations
50,000 buses
Development of SUICA
18 Nov 2001: implemented IC ticketing SUICA in Tokyo
22 March 2004: launched micropayment service (e-money) based on SUICA IC card ticketing system
28 January 2006: launched “mobile SUICA” for feature phones
18 March 2007: interoperable service with PASMO
23 July 2011: launch of Mobile SUICA services for smart phones
23 March 2013: launched interoperable service with 10 regional transport cards for 142 operations, later expanded to currently 258 operating companies
interoperable transport IC card systems: total 160 million cards
mobile SUICA: 9.0 million members
micropayments:
maximum transactions/day: 9.58 million
transactions per month: 253 million
member stores: 850,000 (as of December 2019)
Micropayment fintech in Japan is driven by SUICA and railroad payment cards:
3 tsu (通）
Tsushin (通信) = communications
Kotsu (交通）= transport
Ryotsu (流通) = logistics
It took almost 20 years to move from the initial introduction of IC card based SUICA micropayments for transport on 18 November 2001 to the cashless society policy movement in Japan from 2018.
MaaS of JR East
The MaaS platform of JR East aims to include a wide range of business areas:
single mode type: automated driving and car sharing
integrated type of multi PT modes: bus, railways, Shinkansen
integrated type of mobility: bike sharing, rent-a-car, taxi
MaaS of JR East platform further includes: restaurants, shopping, hotels, tourism, inns, kiosks, luggage lockers etc
telecommunication carriers
local government and other services
MaaS aims for all integrated services = all mobility + any added values with lean start-up and agile development philosophies
Proof of concept for JRE MaaS
Niigata, Shonai area: Niigata MaaS Trial since October 2019
Tohoku area: under consideration, PoC from 2012
Sendai area: PoC since February 2020
Tokyo Metropolitan area: PoC since August 2018, public release from January 2020
Izu (Shizuoka Prefecture), PoC in cooperation with local operator Izukyu Corporation.
Phase 1: April 2019 – June 2019
Phase 2: December 2019 – March 2020
Future customer journey will provide “24 hours, one-stop” services from wake-up, digital time management to transportation with flexible schedule change, meeting management, and one-stop reservations for transport, restaurants, hotels etc including easy and automatic check-in
“3D smooth trip”
horizontal: through operations
vertical: barrier free equipment
psychological: smart card in stations and trains with 0.2 second transactions
4 service levels – MaaS app under PoC
Level 1: integration of information: information app and route search engine
Level 2: integration of booking and payment, SUICA micropayments
Level 3: integration of service offer, bundling, subscriptions, contract, commuter pass and through operations
Level 4: integration of national policy, government
Integrating technology and service industry provides value and service to customers, community, society and the nation.
The moment of truth is hospitality.
The Triangle:
customers and the moment of truth: hospitality
management policy
MTOMI model + well-disciplined employees
Genuine infrastructure = MTOMI Model optimizes multiple resources and services and offers multiple options to consumers
Integration of the MTOMI Model + sophisticated service provides value to customers, communities, societies, nation and the world > MaaS of JR East
Public Transport (PT) will lead MaaS
In the ICT field GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon) and other Silicon Valley and Chinese companies are far ahead, however Japan has unique infrastructure, especially railway infrastructure as unique fields of application for ICT.
Just Shinjuku station alone is a unique application field.
Scale and speed are the keys to success.
ICT and Public Transport (PT) are an excellent match for each other.
Ultimate mobility means: everyone can move freely at anytime to anywhere with comfort by mobility of high quality
Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masaki Ogata: Open Innovation and MaaS of JR East, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Masashi Yanagisawa, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Director, University of Tsukuba, Professor
Professor Yanagisawa is founder and Director of the International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (IIIS), which he founded and is leading to study sleep – one of the most important puzzles of nature. He build the IIIS based on his long work at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and learning from the principles guiding departments at major US Universities.
Solving the mysteries of sleep: what physically is “sleepiness”?
Tokyo is the world’s most sleep-insufficient city with 5 h 28 mins/night
The world’s most sleep-insufficient city is Tokyo – actigraphy shows that the average sleep time in Tokyo is 5 hours 28 minutes – and this is unsustainable. (GF: see notes towards the end of this page)
A study by the sleep app company SleepCycle and mentioned in The Economist/1843 magazine shows average time in bed per day based on 1 million users of the SleepCycle app vs GDP/person for 55 countries (see notes below for sources). While New Zealand, Finland and Netherlands show similar GDP/person, their time in bed is longest 0n the order of 7 h 45 mins/night, while South Korea and Japan are at the bottom of the figure with time in bed around 6 h 15 mins to 6 h 30 mins.
Lack of sleep is estimated to cost Japan about US$ 138 billion (3% of GDP) annually
The study “Why Sleep Matters: Quantifying the Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep” by RAND Europe
estimates that insufficient sleep costs Japan about US$ 138 billion (about 3% of GDP) annually. While less dramatic, sleep in other major industrial countries is also insufficient, and ist estimated to cost Germany about 1.6%, UK 1.9%, the USA 2.3%, and Canada 1.3% of GDP.
Lack of sleep causes a decrease of performance similar to alcohol intoxication
Dawson and Reid in study compared the decrease of performance caused by extended wakefulness with that caused by alcohol intoxication, and found that 17 hours of sustained wakefulness (e.g. from 7am to midnight) causes a drop in performance similar that caused by a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%.
Wakefulness of 24 hours (e.g. from 7am until 7am the next day) leads to performance reduction corresponding to a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1%.
reference: Dawson, D., Reid, K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature 388, 235 (1997)
The neurobiological “cost” of sleep reduction accumulates, and sleep deprived individuals underestimate this cost
Van Dongen et al show that the “cost” of short sleep, “sleep debt” accumulates, and is systematically underestimated by individuals as a consequence of insufficient sleep.
reference: Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, Volume 26, Issue 2, March 2003, Pages 117–126,
Healthy young individuals are at risk of accumulating “sleep debt”, from which it is hard to recover
Laboratory experiments show that healthy young individuals are at risk of sleeping one hour/day less than optimal, and a 1 hour “sleep debt” takes 4 days of optimum sleep to recover to full performance.
Short sleep duration is independently associated with prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation
Lack of sleep is associated with atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke.
reference: Michael V. Genuardi MD, Rachel P. Ogilvie, PhD, MPHb,Aisha Rasool Saand, MD, Rebecca S. DeSensi, BA, Melissa I. Saul, MS, Jared W. Magnani, MD, Sanjay R. Patel, MD, Association of Short Sleep Duration and Atrial Fibrillation, Chest, (September 2019) Volume 156, Issue 3, Pages 544–552
Do all animals sleep? When in evolution did sleep develop? Do animals without a centralized nervous system sleep?
How far back in Darwin’s evolution did sleep develop? Sleep has been observed in a wide range of animals, in worms, flies, zebrafish and mice. Although it’s hard to prove scientifically, its likely that all animals with a central nervous system sleep, however sleep patterns differ.
Do animals without a centralized nervous system sleep?
Ravi et al demonstrated sleep in “upside down jellyfish”, Cassiopea jellyfish, which belong to the Cnidaria evolutional lineage. These have a non-centralized nerve net, but no centralized nervous system or brain.
Cassiopea pulse by relaxing and contracting their bell about 1 pulse per second. Nath et al observed this pulse for a large number of Cassiopea jellyfish with an imaging system, and found that Cassiopea pulse less during night than during day, this sleep state is rapidly reversible, and shows all other characteristics of sleep.
Thus it seems that sleep arose before the evolution of a centralized nervous system.
see: Ravi D. Nath, Claire N. Bedbrook, Michael J. Abrams, Ty Basinger, Justin S. Bois, David A. Prober, Paul W. Sternberg, Viviana Gradinaru, and Lea Goentoro, The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State, Current Biology 27, 2984–2990, (October 9, 2017)
circadian rhythm. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for the discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
However, we all know that motivation, emotion also influence sleep.
Why are we sleepy when we are bored?
The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is located close to the hypothalamus (which links the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulates processes in the autonomous nervous system) in our brains, and contributes to processing motivation, aversion, reward, and is also involved in inducing slow-wave sleep.
The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) links motivation and sleep.
Adenosine A2A acting on the NAc via A2A-Receptors (A2AR) induces slow-wave sleep. Chemogenetic inhibition of NAc neurons suppresses sleep. A2A receptors allow sleep gating.
Motivational stimuli act on the NAc via Dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
References
Yo Oishi, Qi Xu, Lu Wang, Bin-Jia Zhang, Koji Takahashi, Yohko Takata, Yan-Jia Luo,Yoan Cherasse, Serge N. Schiffmann, Alban de Kerchove d’Exaerde, Yoshihiro Urade, Wei-Min Qu, Zhi-Li Huang & Michael Lazarus, Slow-wave sleep is controlled by a subset of nucleus accumbens core neurons in mice, Nat Commun 8, 734 (2017)
Ray Luo, Akira Uematsu, Adam Weitemier, Luca Aquili, Jenny Koivumaa, Thomas J. McHugh & Joshua P. Johansen, A dopaminergic switch for fear to safety transitions. Nat Commun 9, 2483 (2018).
Michael Lazarus, Yo Oishi, Theresa E. Bjorness and Robert W. Greene, Gating and the Need for Sleep: Dissociable Effects of Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors, (2019) Gating and the Need for Sleep: Dissociable Effects of Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors. Front. Neurosci. 13:740
Orexin (= hyprocretin) controls arousal, sleep and appetite – discovered by Masashi Yanagisawa’s and Lecea and Kilduff et al. groups
Orexin is a neuropeptide controlling arousal, sleep and appetite and was discovered in 1998 simultaneously by two independent groups of researchers: Masashi Yanagisawa’s group named this newly discovered neuropeptide “orexin”, while Lecea and Kilduff et al’s group named it “hypocretin”.
Masashi Yanagisawa’s lab at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas: Takeshi Sakurai, Akira Amemiya, Makoto Ishii, Ichiyo Matsuzaki, Richard M Chemelli, Hirokazu Tanaka, S. Clay Williams, James A Richardson, Gerald P Kozlowski, Shelagh Wilson, Jonathan R.S Arch, Robin E Buckingham, Andrea C Haynes, Steven A Carr, Roland S Annan, Dean E McNulty, Wu-Schyong Liu, Jonathan A Terrett, Nabil A Elshourbagy, Derk J Bergsma, Masashi Yanagisawa, Orexins and Orexin Receptors: A Family of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides and G Protein-Coupled Receptors that Regulate Feeding Behavior, Cell, 92, 573-585 (Feb 20, 1998)
L. de Lecea, T. S. Kilduff, C. Peyron X.-B. Gao, P. E. Foye, P. E. Danielson, C. Fukuhara, E. L. F. Battenberg, V. T. Gautvik, F. S. Bartlett, II, W. N. Frankel, A. N. van den Pol, F. E. Bloom, K. M. Gautvik, and J. G. Sutcliffe, The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1998) Jan 6; 95(1): 322–327.
Orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide precursor (Public domain according to Wikipedia: Boghog2 grants anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.)
Source of this picture: Wikipedia. This work has been released into the public domain by its author, Boghog2 at the Wikipedia project. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible: Boghog2 grants anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.
Narcolepsy: “sleep attacks”
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder, where wake-sleep cycle control is defective. Narcolepsy is a serious disorder, where patients can be affected by “sleep attacks”, sudden sleep during daytime, a pathological intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness.
Sarah Elizabeth very generously published to following video on YouTube for educational purposes, to show us a narcolepsy “sleep attack”: (source: (c) Sarah Elizabeth on YouTube)
Peyron et al showed that there is a loss of orexin (hypocretin) in narcolepsy patients.
references:
Christelle Peyron, Juliette Faraco, William Rogers, Beth Ripley, Sebastiaan Overeem, Yves Charnay, Sona Nevsimalova, Michael Aldrich, David Reynolds, Roger Albin, Robin Li, Marcel Hungs, Mario Pedrazzoli, Muralidhara Padigaru, Melanie Kucherlapati, Jun Fan, Richard Maki, Gert Jan Lammers, Constantin Bouras, Raju Kucherlapati, Seiji Nishino & Emmanuel Mignot, A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains, Nat Med 6, 991–997 (2000)
Orexin agonists and antagonists as potential therapeutics
Orexins are produced by there hypothalamus and are involved in wakefulness and arousal. Blocking the signaling by Orexins is promising as therapy for insomnia. Orexin receptors as drug targets: towards a therapy for narcolepsy.
Sleep regulation: sleep need (hours) vs sleep/wake switching (seconds)
Sleep regulation can be symbolized by a Shishi-odoshi (鹿威し), a bamboo device often found in Japanese gardens. The bamboo is mounted off midway on a pivot, and slowly fills with water. The shorter part of the bamboo tube fills with water from a well, and as it fills, the point is reached where the bamboo tips over suddenly and releases the water. Sleep need similarly build up over time, until the sleep center tips over and we fall asleep suddenly. Assisted by orexin, the arousal center inhibits the sleep center in the brain while we are awake. When we are asleep, the sleep center inhibits the arousal center, and the sleep need decreases while we are sleeping.
references
Clifford B. Saper, Thomas E. Scammell & Jun Lu, Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms, Nature 437, 1257–1263 (2005)
Breading “Sleepy” mice mutants to study the genetics of sleep regulation
To study the switching mechanisms between wakefulness, REM-sleep and NREM-sleep (REM = Rapid Eye Movement), “sleepy” mice genetic mutants were studied and compared with normal non-sleepy mice.
references
Funato H, Miyoshi C, Fujiyama T, Kanda T, Sato M, Wang Z, Ma J, Nakane S, Tomita J, Ikkyu A, Kakizaki M, Hotta-Hirashima N, Kanno S, Komiya H, Asano F, Honda T, Kim SJ, Harano K, Muramoto H, Yonezawa T, Mizuno S, Miyazaki S, Connor L, Kumar V, Miura I, Suzuki T, Watanabe A, Abe M, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Sakimura K, Hayashi Y, Liu Q, Kume K, Wakana S, Takahashi JS, Yanagisawa M. Forward-genetics analysis of sleep in randomly mutagenized mice. Nature 539, 378–383 (2016)
Basic concept of IIIS: learning from “departments” in major US Universities.
Strong leadership of “department head”
Appointment of early career PI
Flat personnel hierarchy
Open and mixed research environment
Flexible and dynamic allocation of research resources including floor space
Sharing of large facilities and equipment
Streamlined administrative services
Notes by Gerhard Fasol
Japan is the most sleep deprived country of a very long list of major countries
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Sleep Research Society (SRS) in a joint consensus statement say:
“Adults should sleep 7 or more hours per night on a regular basis to promote optimal health”.
see: Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. SLEEP 2015;38(6):843–844.
sleepcycle.com, which markets the SleepCycle app has been downloaded by 37.4 million people and has tracked 4.38 billion hours of sleep, and publishes statistics on sleep in different countries based on sleep statistics shared by their users/customers.
In a short report dated December 5, 2014, SleepCycle lists Japan as the No. 1 sleep-deprived country in a list of 20 countries and including the analysis of 351,044 users during 1-30 November 2014. All countries have a minimum of 2000 registered users.
Average time in bed, 1-30 November 2014, SleepCycle study of Dec 5, 2014:
Japan 5 h 56mins
South Korea 8 h 03mins
Brazil 6 h 37 mins
Mexico 6 h 40 mins
China 6 h 42 mins
Italy 6 h 58 mins
Spain 6 h 58 mins
Germany 7 h 09 mins
Norway 7 h 10 mins
Switzerland 7 h 11 mins
US 7 h 11 mins
Canada 7 h 15 mins
Denmark 7 h 16 mins
Sweden 7 h 16 mins
France 7 h 16 mins
Australia 7 h 20 mins
UK 7 h 22 mins
Belgium 7 h 23 mins
Netherlands 7 h 26 mins
New Zealand 7 h 27 mins
More detailed data based on 1 million users of SleepCycle were published by The Economist/1843 magazine in the April/May 2018 issue: “Which countries get the most sleep?” The data in this article also show Japan with the shortest length of sleep, about 6 h 20 mins/night at the bottom of a list of 55 major countries. The same SleepCycle data are also shown in a blog article by the World Economic Forum: “Which countries get the most sleep – and how much do we really need?”
Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Masashi Yanagisawa: Solving the Mysteries of Sleep: Toward the Real-World Implementation of Sleep Science, 12th Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Hiromitsu Nakauchi: Stem cell technology and its potential for future medicine, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
Hiromitsu Nakauchi, Stanford University School of Medicine, Professor, and University of Tokyo, Project Professor, Divn. of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science
Summary: solving the shortage of organ donors and immune rejection with stem cells
There are far more patients requiring organ transplants than organ donations. Transplanted organs are rejected by the recipient’s immune system requiring life-long immune suppression. Professor Nakauchi explains his path towards growing organs based on a patient’s stem cells injected into an animal’s embryo, which then is implanted into a host animal, and when fully grown this organ is transplanted back into the patient. While this long term target is still very difficult and far in the future, Professor Nakauchi and his teams at Tokyo University and Stanford University have solved several of the intermediary steps, bringing this final target closer.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated or partly differentiated cells at the origin of cell lineages, can develop into different types of cells, and can divide to create more of the same stem cells. Stem cells were found in the 1960s by Ernest McCulloch and James Till’s group at the University of Toronto/Canada.
see: A. J. Becker, E. A . McCulloch, J. E. Till, Cytological Demonstration of the Clonal Nature of Spleen Colonies Derived from Transplanted Mouse Marrow Cells, Nature 197, 452-454 (1963)
Embryonic stem cells can be cultured indefinitely, have high differentiation potential (e.g into neurons, muscle cells, blood cells, liver cells etc), and gene manipulation is possible.
However, ES cells cannot be established from patients and may not represent a healthy individual. In addition there are ethical difficulties regarding the manipulation of human embryos.
Because ES cells cannot be established from the patient, ES cell based therapy requires Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, and may lead to immune rejection and / or infections.
Cell therapy using a patient’s own cells is desired, by generating pluripotent stem cells from patients.
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
Patient-derived pluripotent stem cells can be generated from somatic cells (skin fibroblasts, blood cells, epithelial cells, …) by introduction using Sendai virus as vectors of four genes that are expressed in ES cells. These four genes are:
Patient derived iPSCs are useful as an unlimited source of human material:
studies of pathogenesis
development of therapies
drug screening
gene/cell therapy
toxicology studies
…
see:
Kazutoshi Takahashi, Shinya Yamanaka, Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors, Cell 126, 663-676, (August 25, 2006)
Kazutoshi Takahashi, Koji Tanabe, Mari Ohnuki, Megumi Narita, Tomoko Ichisaka, Kiichiro Tomoda, Shinya Yamanaka, Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors, Cell 131, 861-872 (November 30, 2007)
Noemi Fusaki, Hiroshi Ban, Akiyo Nishiyama, Koichi Saeki, and Mamoru Hasegawa, Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome, Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci v.85(8); 348-362 (2009)
Kobayashi T, Yamaguchi T, Hamanaka S, Kato-Itoh M, Yamazaki Y, Ibata M, Sato H, Lee YS, Usui J, Knisely AS, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H: Generation of rat pancreas in mouse by interspecific blastocyst injection of pluripotent stem cells. Cell (2010), 142:787–799
generation of (Pdx1 KO) rat with mouse pancreas > rat with mouse PSC derived pancreas > rat-sized mouse pancreas in rat
Yamaguchi T, Sato H, Kato-Itoh M, Goto T, Hara H, Sanbo M, Mizuno N, Kobayashi T, Yanagida A, Umino A, Ota Y, Hamanaka S, Masaki H, Rashid ST, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. Interspecies organogenesis generates autologous functional islets. Nature 542, 191–196 (2017)
Rat pancreata can be created from rat PSCs in mice trough interspecies blastocyst complementation, however the resulting pancreata were of mouse size, creating insufficient number of islets to treat diabetes in the rat.
To solve this issue, the reverse experiments were performed:
Mouse PSCs were injected into Pdx-1 deficient rat blastocysts, and rat sized pancreata composed of mouse-PSC derived cells were grown. Islets prepared from these mouse-PSC derived pancreata grown in rats were then transplanted into mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The transplanted islets maintained mouse-host blood glucose levels for over 370 in the absence of immunosuppression.
These experiments show that in principle organs can be grown based on PSCs across animal barriers and used for therapy.
Yamaguchi T, Sato H, Kato-Itoh M, Goto T, Hara H, Sanbo M, Mizuno N, Kobayashi T, Yanagida A, Umino A, Ota Y, Hamanaka S, Masaki H, Rashid ST, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. Interspecies organogenesis generates autologous functional islets. Nature 542, 191–196 (2017)
Implantation of human/animal admixed embryos was prohibited by guidelines in Japan, therefore:
Move from the University of Tokyo to Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Achieving apancreatic sheep is the first step towards growing human iPSC derived pancreas in sheep for implantation back into humans: generation of apancreatic sheep by CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection into sheep oocytes.
Marcela Vilarino, Sheikh Tamir Rashid, Fabian Patrik Suchy, Bret Roberts McNabb, Talitha van der Meulen, Eli J. Fine, Syed Daniyal Ahsan, Nurlybek Mursaliyev, Vittorio Sebastiano, Santiago Sain Diab, Mark O. Huising, Hiromitsu Nakauchi & Pablo J. Ross, CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection in oocytes disables pancreas development in sheep. Sci Rep 7, 17472 (2017)
The next step in the quest for developing iPCS based human organs in animals for transplant back into human patients is to investigate human iPCS in mouse and sheep.
Human iPSC cells injected into mouse or sheep embryos normally to not migrate into the inner cell mass (ICM), however migration and proliferation can be achieved by injecting primed human iPSCs with Bcl2 expression.
A major difficulty is caused by evolutionary divergence rats and mice diverged less than 30 million years ago, while humans and pigs or sheep diverged over 60 million years ago.
The Japanese Government finally lifted the ban on human-animal chimera research
Kelly Servick, Taking ‘baby steps’ to human organs in livestock, Science, 364, 1217-1218 (28 June 2019)
Hiromitsu Nakauchi: Stem cell technology and its potential for future medicine, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Hiromitsu Nakauchi: Stem cell technology and its potential for future medicine, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Hiromitsu Nakauchi: Stem cell technology and its potential for future medicine, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020Hiromitsu Nakauchi: Stem cell technology and its potential for future medicine, Ludwig Boltzmann Forum, 20 February 2020
5G offers three generic services: (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine-type communications (mMTC), eg for IoT, (3) ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC)
6G will include eMMB, mMTC and URLLC, and will also include new extreme requirements for special use cases, such as extremely high data rates, extreme coverage including sky, sea and space, or extremely low latency and extremely high reliability as required for autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and massive connectivity with very high densities of sensors and actuators, and very high-precision positioning.
We expect a fusion of cyberspace and our real world, Io type sensors in combination with AI create a cyber image of our real world, AI maybe central action which then creates action in our real world.
Trends for 5G/6G mobile communications
Technology evolves in 10 year phases:
1G (analog) 1980-1990
car phones, portable telephones, shoulder phones, handy telephone
2G (digital voice) 1990-2000
MOVA, mobile phone for everyone
3G (digital voice & data) 2000-2010
i-Mode, information in hand, camera phones
4G (smart phones) 2010-2020
smart phones, apps, videos, streaming
5G/6G 2020-2030(?)
resolution of social issues, human centered value creation
Value creation for markets evolves in 20 year phases.
1980-2000 First wave
dissemination of mobile phones
2000-2000 Second wave
mobile multimedia
2020- Third wave
news business value
5G use cases
Advanced mobile broadband
VR (virtual reality) smart glasses
AR (augmented reality)
free viewpoint image
high sense of presence
highly condensed traffic (e.g. in stadium)
HD image broadcast (uplink)
IoT: massive connectivity
smart city, smart home
smart wearable
smart manufacturing
ultra-high reliability and low latency
drone control
tactile communication
tele-surgery
Observations from 5G real issues
5G is the first generation using mm radio waves
1G, 2G, 3G uses UHF radio bands, e.g. in the 800MHz, 2GHz ranges
4G added low SHF bands in the 3-6 GHz ranges
5G uses high SHF bands in the 6-30GHz and EHF bands above 30GHz
Key technical issues are mm-wave coverage and mobility improvement, uplink performance enhancement.
There is high interest from industry, however requirements for industrial use cases are high.
5G first focusses on downlink speed and on a best effort basis.
5G evolution is directed towards improving uplink speed, and to move from “best effort” basis to guaranteed performance.
Cyber-Physical Fusion
5G and 6G have the potential to fuse our physical world and the cyber world:
Physical world > cyber space: create a cyber replica of the physical world
humans, objects, events are turned into information
accumulated data are turned into a cyber replica of the real world assisted by AI
low latency and high data transport capacity is needed
Cyber space > physical world: cyber space actuates events in the real world
forecasting future events
data analysis turns data into value
actuate events in the real world
AI influences devices, high reliability and low latency is required
5G supports three generic services: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC)
5G supports three generic services according to the 5G New Radio (NR) standard of the 3GPP:
enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB): stable connections with very high peak data rates, and lower data rates for users further away from antennas
massive machine-type communications (mMTC): for massive numbers of IoT devices, eg for sensing, metering and monitoring devices
ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) required for self-driving cars, remote surgery and similar applications which rely on very fast response (low latency) and very high reliability and Quality of Service
URLLC use cases include:
control of autonomous vehicles and traffic control
robot control and 3D connection with drones
remote surgery
References:
For Docomo’s field experiments on 5G URLLC services see: Special articles on demonstration of new technologies for 5G, NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal 20(1), (July 2018)
6G will include eMMB, mMTC and URLLC, and will include also new combinations of extreme requirements for special use cases.
Extreme targets include
extremely high data rate and data capacity: peak data rates beyond 100Gbps exploiting new spectrum, 100 times capacity increase during the next 10 years
extreme coverage: Gbps coverage everywhere, new coverage areas, e.g. sky, sea and space
extremely low energy consumption, no charging and low cost: affordable mm wave/ THz and devices, devices that do not need batteries that require charging
extremely low latency: faster than 1 milli-second, always low latency
extremely high reliability: guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for a white range of use cases 7-Nines (99,99999%) reliability
extremely massive connectivity: massive density of connected devices, e.g. 10 million/square kilometer, sensing capabilities and high-precision positioning (e.g. centimeter precision)
5G = eLTE (extended long term evolution) + NR (5G new radio standard). cm wave & mm wave mMIMO, LDPC/polar coding, URLLC/mMTC
6G will be a combination of new technologies and enhancements to bring “big gain”. OFDM based and/or new waveform cm wave & mm waves & THz. extreme coverage, new network topology, further enhanced mMIMO, enhanced URLLC/mMTC, and AI.
Reference:
NTT DOCOMO White Paper on 5G Evolution and 6G, January 2020
Satoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6GSatoshi Nagata: NTT DOCOMO’s activity towards 5G Evolution and 6G
